Developing an olfactory cell therapy for spinal cord injury

a) complete

•A complete spinal cord injury is an injury where the whole thickness of spinal cord is injured

•This means that the spinal cord below the level injury can neither receive nor send any signals across the injury site.

•In other words, the injury causes complete paralysis and complete loss of sensations below the level of injury.

•A complete transection of cord, while rare, can cause a complete injury. Blunt injury like a contusion or laceration of the cord tissue can also result in a complete injury if the trauma is too severe.

B) INcomplete

•An incomplete injury is any injury where there is still some connection left intact that can send and/or receive signals across the level of injury.

•Understandably, the severity of this type of injury would vary greatly depending upon the amount of spinal tissue left intact after the injury.

•There may be some loss of sensations, loss of a particular sensation, loss of all or some motor activity or diminished muscle power depending upon which spinal tracts are injured and to what extent they are injured.

C) Physical injuries

i) Transection

•In this type of injury, the cord is sliced through by the injuring force. If the cord is completely sliced through, the injury is known as complete cord transection.

•If the cord is only partially cut through, the resulting injury is called a partial cord transection. Very rarely, the cord is only cut halfway through from left or right side, which is known as Brown Sequard Syndrome.

•In transection type of injuries, the injury site is relatively clean and bleeding is relatively less. SCI resulting from a stabbing may be a transection type cord injury.

ii) Contusion

•Contusion (bruised) injuries Same as any other tissue, a blunt injury to the spinal cord leads to a contusion type injury.

•The cord is surrounded completely inside the bony spinal canal. Any sudden movement or impact can cause the cord to slam against the spinal canal, crushing the meninges and suffering the contusion injury itself.

•Since the cord tissue is very soft, fragile and highly vascular; such an injury would most like result in significant haemorrhage. As the haemorrhage clots and settles in the tissue, it presses and crushes the cord tissue causing further injury.

•Contusion injury usually is incomplete but the injury may extend across many spinal segments causing extensive functional loss.

•Injuries without significant vertebral fractures such as whiplash injury, may result in contusion of the cord.

iii) Laceration

•The laceration (deep cut or tear) injuries are the worst and most severe in nature as they are almost always accompanied by significant damage to the vertebrae, spreading numerous bone fragments injuring the already hurt cord.

•At the site of the impact, the cord suffers from contusion like injury, but the damage caused by bone fractures and dislocation also cuts and tears at the cord tissue.

•Tearing, cutting and bruising of the cord usually means extensive structural damage and functional loss.

•Violent injuries with significant damage and dislocations of the vertebrae are usually present with laceration type of injuries.

Spinal Injury Project